Завдання для студентів групи 4 - А л/с
Завдання № 1. Письмово.
Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to the using of the Active and Passive Continuous Tenses:
1. Зараз лікар лікує хворого з приводу запалення підшлункової залози. 2. Нині цей хворий лікується в нашому відділені з приводу запалення порожньої кишки. 3. Медична сестра заповнювала температурні листи пацієнтів о 9 годині ранку. 4. Температурні листи пацієнтів заповнювались медичною сестрою о 8 годині ранку.
Translate the following words into English:
Сфінктер; шлунок; слизова оболонка; дно; ділянка, сектор; пілоричний; виробляти, створювати; вигин; проштовхувати, штовхати; слугувати; твердий; оброблений, перероблений; берегти, зберігати.
Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:
Enlarged segment; left superior portion; to vary from person to person; cardiac opening; atrium; ring of smooth muscles; body turns to the right; narrow; surround; the sphincter relaxes and contracts; the walls of the stomach; convert; food leaves the stomach in two phases.
Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Шлунок – найбільш розширений відділ травного каналу. 2. Він розташований між стравоходом і дванадцятипалою кишкою, у верхньому відділі черевної порожнини. 3. Форма та розміри шлунка коливаються у різних людей. 4. Це залежить від його функціонального стану, від віку та статі. 5. По краях шлунка одна його стінка переходить в іншу, утворюючи малу кривизну шлунка. 6. Стінки шлунка складаються з трьох оболонок: серозної, м'язової та слизової.
Завдання № 2. Read and translate one of the following texts:
Текст А прочитати, виконати усний переклад. Вислати аудиозапис для перевірки вчителю.
Тексти В/С виконати переклад українською мовою. Вислати аудиозапис перекладу вчителю для перевірки.
Текст D скласти запитання до тексту. Записати їх в зошиті.
Text A
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Healthy arteries are like healthy muscles. They are strong, flexible, and elastic. Atherosclerosis is the condition in which fatty deposits accumulate in and under the lining of the artery walls. The name comes from the Greek word ather, meaning "porridge", because the fatty deposits are soft and resemble porridge. Blood cells (platelets) often clump at microscopic sites of injury to the inner wall of the artery. At these sites, fat deposits also collect. Initially, the deposits are only streaks of fat-containing cells but, as they enlarge, they invade some of the deeper layers of the arterial walls, causing scarring and calcium deposits. Large accumulations called atheromas or plaques are the principal characteristic of atherosclerosis. The greatest danger from these deposits is the narrowing of the channel through which the blood flows. When this occurs, the tissues that the artery supplies will not receive their full quota of blood. Pieces of the fatty deposits may be dislodged, travel with the blood flow, and finally obstruct an artery at some distant point.
Atherosclerosis may be discovered in the course of a routine physical examination. During examination of patient's neck, abdomen, or other parts of the body, the physician may hear a blowing sound if a narrowing of the lining of the arteries at one or more these points causes turbulence of the blood flow. The physician also will estimate the amount of blood flow by feeling for pulsations in the arteries at the wrists, legs, and feet. A decrease in pulsations is a reason to suspect partially obstructed blood flow.
More elaborate tests of circulation using sound waves often help in establishing the presence and degree of decreased blood flow. Ultrasound scan of the abdomen often is used to identify a suspected aneurysm of the aorta in the abdomen. Another test for locating the sites of plaques that narrow blood vessels is arteriography. In many cases, the diagnosis is not suspected until the artery is completely obstructed and the person has experienced a stroke, heart attack, or arterial thrombosis.
To some extent, the body can protect itself from narrowing of a particular artery by developing, with time, additional arterial connections that detour blood around the narrowed point. This is called collateral circulation.
Although atherosclerosis occurs to some extent in all middle-aged and elderly people and even may occur in certain young people, some people appear more at risk because of high blood cholesterol levels.
The best prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis is certain regimen, sound sleep, rest, and proper diet. Vitamins are widely used in the treatment of this disease. Other drugs administered in treating atherosclerosis are so-called lipotropic substances, which prevent fat from accumulating in the organism.
Text B
ANGINA PECTORIS
If you are having pain or pressure in the middle of your chest, left neck, left shoulder, or left
arm, go immediately to the nearest hospital emergency department. Do not drive yourself. Call for emergency transport. Angina, or angina pectoris, is the medical term used to describe the temporary chest discomfort that occurs when the heart is not getting enough blood. The heart is a muscle (myocardium) and gets its blood supply from the coronary arteries. Blood carries the oxygen and nutrients the heart muscle needs to keep pumping. When the heart does not get enough blood, it can no longer function at its full capacity. When physical exertion, strong emotions, extreme temperatures, or eating increase the demand on the heart, a person with angina feels temporary pain,
pressure, fullness, or squeezing in the center of the chest or in the neck, shoulder, jaw, upper arm, or upper back. This is angina, especially if the discomfort is relieved by removing the stressor and/or taking sublingual (under the tongue) nitroglycerin.
The discomfort of angina is temporary, meaning a few seconds or minutes, not lasting hours or all day. An episode of angina is not a heart attack. Having angina means you have an increased risk of having a heart attack. A heart attack is when the blood supply to part of the heart is cut off and that part of the muscle dies (infarction). Prolonged or unchecked angina can lead to a heart attack or increase the risk of having a heart rhythm abnormality. Either of those could lead to sudden death. Time is very important in angina. The more time the heart is deprived of adequate blood flow (ischemia), and thus oxygen, the more the heart muscle is at risk of heart attack or heart rhythm abnormalities. The longer the patient experiences chest pain from angina, the more the heart muscle is at risk of dying or malfunctioning. Not all chest pain is angina. Pain in the chest can come from a number of causes, which range from not serious to very serious. For example, chest pain can be caused by: acid reflux (gastroesophageal reflux disease), upper respiratory infection, asthma, or sore muscles and ligaments in the chest (chest wall pain). If chest pain is severe and/or recurrent, the patient should see a healthcare provider.
Text C
PEPTIC ULCER
Peptic ulcers are holes or breaks in the inner lining of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum. It has been determined that peptic ulcer generally occurs in the lower part of the stomach (gastric ulcer), in the initial portion of the duodenum (duodenal ulcer), and occasionally in the lower esophagus (esophageal).
The signs and symptoms of the peptic ulcer are the following: burning, aching, or hunger discomfort in the upper abdomen or lower chest (that is relieved by milk or food); black stools; bloated feeling after meals; and nausea or vomiting. In emergency cases the person has clammy skin and fainting.
The cause of ulcers is not fully known. Normally, the linings of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum are kept intact by a balance between the acid and stomach juices and the resistance of these linings to injury. When the balance breaks down, the result may be a peptic ulcer. Recent research has shown that many ulcers may be secondary to bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (H pylori).
Peptic ulcers are not uncommon in our society. It has been estimated that the age at diagnosis peaks between 30 and 50 for duodenal ulcers and between 60 and 70 for gastric ulcers. Frequently, ulcers recur within 1 year after healing, sometimes without symptoms. Some people may have an inherited disposition to ulcers. Peptic ulcers are 3 times more likely to occur in families of patients with duodenal ulcer than in the general population. And relatives of people with gastric ulcers have the very same kind of ulcer. The goals of treatment are to relieve symptoms, heal the ulcer, prevent relapse, and avoid complications. The vast majority of persons with peptic ulcer disease responds well to medication. The key to treatment is either decreasing the amount of acid present or strengthening the protective lining of the stomach or duodenum. The mainstay of treatment is a class of drugs that decrease the amount of acid produced in the stomach. These drugs are called H12 blockers. The usual course of therapy lasts approximately 6 weeks. Many people with ulcers harbor H pylori bacteria, which can be effectively treated with antibiotics. Twelve months after treatment, most people show no ulcer recurrence, while recurrence is more common after using standard ulcer medications. However, if the person has an ulcer that does not respond to medical treatment or the person has serious complications such as hemorrhage, obstruction, or perforation, he/she may be a candidate for surgery.
Text D
GASTRITIS
“Gastritis” is a general term that means inflammation of the lining of the stomach. It can result from a number of causes, each of which may produce somewhat different symptoms, such as: upper abdominal discomfort, nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea.
Gastritis can occur as a result of acid-induced damage to the lining of the stomach when no ulcer is present. Excessive smoking or alcohol consumption are known to produce mild gastritis or to aggravate existing gastritis symptoms. Gastritis also can be a side effect of a number of prescription drugs. Severe stress due to burns, trauma, surgery, or shock may produce gastritis. Gastritis is also seen in some persons whose stomachs do not produce acid. In these cases, the lining of the stomach is atrophied. This condition may be associated with vitamin B12 deficiency and occurs in many older people. Even very healthy people may experience gastritis with some regularity. In most cases, the symptoms of gastritis are relatively mild and short-lived, pose no real danger, and have no lasting effect. Occasionally, gastritis may cause bleeding, but it is rarely severe. Antacids in liquid or tablet form are a suitable and common treatment of mild gastritis. If a person is troubled by excessive acid and antacids fail to provide relief, the physician may prescribe
drugs such as cimetidine, ranitidine, or nizatidine, which decrease the amount of acid produced by the stomach. Medication to protect the lining of the stomach may be used.
Завдання № 3. Підготувати повідомлення або проект про одне із захворювань органів травної системи. Розповісти під час очного заняття!!!!!!!
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