Завдання для студентів групи 3 - А с/с
Завдання № 1. Шановні студенти! По-перше, повторіть назви органів травної системи. По-друге, підготуйте інформацію (проект) про одне із захворювань ШКТ. Розкажіть під час онлайн конференції.
Завдання № 2. Прочитайте текст. Виконайте усний переклад. Вишліть аудиозапис читання тексту для перевірки вчителю.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive system consists of many parts. They are the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, the liver, the pancreas, gallbladder and others. The food we eat is propelled through the digestive tract by muscular contractions. The digestive tract is also called the alimentary tract or alimentary canal. The term gastrointestinal tract technically only refers to the stomach and intestines but is often used as a synonym of the digestive tract. The first division of the digestive tract is the mouth, or oral cavity. Important structures of the oral cavity are the teeth, the tongue, the soft and hard palates, and salivary glands. Digestion begins when the person chews the food. The food is broken into smaller pieces by the teeth and is mixed with saliva secreted by the salivary glands. From the mouth food passes through the pharynx to the esophagus. The major accessory structures of the pharynx and the esophagus are mucous glands. The esophagus opens into the stomach. It rests in the upper abdomen. It is a dilated portion of the digestive tract. The stomach receives food from esophagus, and its mixing action reduces the food to a semi-liquid mixture. The stomach walls contain many glands from which acid and enzymes are released into the stomach and mixed with ingested food. The stomach opens into the small intestine. The small intestine is a thin-walled tube approximately 6.5 meters long. It is located in the lower and central portions of the abdominal and pelvic cavities. It composed of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The first segment of the small
Intestine is the duodenum. The major accessory structures in this segment of the digestive tract are the liver, the gallbladder, and the pancreas. The next segment of the small intestine is the jejunum. Small glands exist along its length, and it is the major site of absorption. The last segment of the small intestine is the ileum, which is similar to the jejunum except that fewer digestive enzymes and more mucus are secreted and less absorption occurs in the ileum. The last section of the digestive tract is the large intestine. It is divided into cecum, colon, and rectum. Its major accessory glands secrete mucus. It absorbs water and salts and concentrates indigested food into feces. The first segment is the cecum, with the attached vermiform appendix. The cecum is followed by colon and rectum. The rectum joints the anal canal, which ends at the anus. The functions of the digestive system are to ingest food, masticate the food, propel the food through the digestive tract, add secretions to the food and digest the food; and absorb water, electrolytes, and other nutrients from the digested food. Once these useful substances are absorbed, they are transported through the circulatory system to cells where they are used. Undigested matter is moved out of the digestive tract and excreted through the anus. The processes of propulsion, secretion, and absorption are regulated by nervous and hormonal mechanisms.
Завдання № 3. Письмово.
Translate the following words and word-combinations into English:
Глотка; стравохід; шлунок; підшлункова залоза; товстий кишечник; жовчний міхур; сліпа кишка; пряма кишка; товста кишка; порожня кишка; клубова кишка; дванадцятипала кишка; зуби; язик; тверде піднебіння; слинні залози; знаходитися у нижній частині черевної порожнини; напіврідка суміш; тонкостінна трубка; проходити уздовж; переноситись по кровоносній системі.
Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Шлунок – найбільш розширений відділ травного каналу. 2. Він розташований між стравоходом і дванадцятипалою кишкою, у верхньому відділі черевної порожнини. 3. Форма та розміри шлунка коливаються у різних людей. 4. Це залежить від його функціонального стану, від віку та статі. 5. По краях шлунка одна його стінка переходить в іншу, утворюючи малу кривизну шлунка. 6. Стінки шлунка складаються з трьох оболонок: серозної, м'язової та слизової.
Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Печінка – найбільша залоза тіла людини. 2. Її маса у дорослих дорівнює в середньому 1500 г. 3. Вона розташована у верхній частині черевної порожнини. 4. З воріт печінки, крім жовчних проток, виходять лімфатичні судини. 5. Печінка, як залоза травної системи виконує екскреторну функцію – виробляє жовч. 6. У дорослої людини протягом доби печінка продукує 700-800 см3 жовчі. 7. Печінці властива також бар’єрна функція. 8. Печінка бере участь в усіх видах обміну речовин: водному, білковому, вуглеводному та мінеральному. 9. Печінка виконує також гормональну функцію.
Завдання № 4. Виконати усний переклад тексту українською мовою. Вислати аудиозапис перекладу вчителю для перевірки.
PORTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
PHARYNX
The pharynx consists of three parts: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. Normally, only the oropharynx and laryngopharynx transmit food. The oropharynx communicates with the nasopharynx superiorly, the larynx and laryngopharynx inferiorly, and mouth anteriorly.
The laryngopharynx extends from the oropharynx to the esophagus and is posterior to the larynx. The posterior walls of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx consist of three muscles, the superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictions, which are arranged like three stacked flower pots, one inside the other. The oropharynx and the laryngopharynx are lined with moist, stratified squamous epithelium, and the nasopharynx is lined with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium.
ESOPHAGUS
The esophagus is that portion of the digestive tube that extends between the pharynx and the stomach. It is approximately 20-25 cm long and lies in the mediastinum. The esophagus transports food from the pharynx to the stomach. It has thick walls consisting of the four tunics common to the
digestive tract: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and adventitia.
SMALL INTESTINE
The small intestine consists of three portions: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. The entire small intestine is approximately 6.5 m long; the duodenum is approximately 25 cm long (the term duodenum means 12, suggesting that is 12 inches long); the jejunum, constituting approximately two fifths of the total length of the small intestine, is approximately 2.5 m long, and the ileum, constituting three fifths of the small intestine, is approximately 3.5 m long. Two major glands, the liver and pancreas, are associated with the duodenum.
GALLBLADDER
The gallbladder is a saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver that is approximately 8 cm long and 4 cm wide. Three layers form the gallbladder wall: an inner mucosa folded into rugae that allow the gallbladder to expand; a muscularis of smooth muscle that allows the gallbladder to contract; and outer covering of connective tissue. The gallbladder is connected to the common bile duct by the cystic duct.
PANCREAS
The pancreas is a complex organ composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissues that perform several functions. The pancreas consists of a head, a body, and a tail, which extends to the spleen. The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans). The islet cells produce insulin and glucagons, which are very important in controlling blood levels of nutrients such as glucose and amino acids, and somatostatin, which regulates insulin secretion. The exocrine portion of the pancreas consists of acini (grapes), which produce digestive enzymes. The acini connect to a duct system that forms the pancreatic duct, which empties into the duodenum.
LARGE INTESTINE
The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. The cecum is the proximal end of the large intestine and is the portion where the large and small intestines meet. The colon consists of four portions. The mucosal lining of the large intestine consists of simple columnar epithelium. It has numerous straight tubular glands. The rectum is a straight, muscular tube. It begins at the termination of the sigmoid colon and ends at the anal canal. The last 2 to 3 cm of the digestive tract is the anal canal. It begins at the inferior end of the rectum and ends at the anus. The smooth muscle layer of the anal canal forms the internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter.
Завдання № 5. Пройти онлайн тест з теми « Ожиріння», «Дієта». Результати тестів вислати вчителю для перевірки.
https://www.medicinenet.com/childhood_obesity_overweight_quiz/quiz.htm
https://www.medicinenet.com/diet_and_nutrition_quiz/quiz.htm
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