Завдання для студентів групи 4 - А л/с
Завдання № 1. Read the following text: вислати аудиозапис вчителю.
BLOOD
Blood is classified as a connective tissue, consisting of cells and cell fragments surrounded by a liquid matrix. The total blood volume in the average adult is approximately 4 to 5 L in females and 5 to 6 L in males. Blood makes up approximately 8% of the body's total weight. The cells and cell fragments are the formed elements, and the fluid matrix is the plasma. The formed elements of the blood include several types of highly specialized cells and cell fragments. They are grouped into three major categories. Approximately 95% of the volume of the formed elements consists of erythrocytes (red blood cells or corpuscles). The remaining 5% consists of leukocytes (white blood cells or corpuscles) and platelets (cell fragments), which are also called thrombocytes. Plasma is a pale yellow fluid accounting for slightly more than half the total blood volume and consisting of approximately 92% water and 8% dissolved or suspended molecules. Plasma contains proteins such as albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen. When the proteins that produce clots are removed from the plasma, the remaining fluid is called serum. In addition to the suspended molecules, plasma also contains a number of dissolved components such as salts, nutrients, gases, waste products, hormones, and enzymes. Water enters the plasma from the digestive tract, from interstitial fluids, and as a by-product of metabolism. Excess water is removed from the plasma through the kidneys, lungs, intestinal tract, and skin. Solutes in the plasma come from several sources such as the liver, kidneys, intestines, endocrine glands, and immune tissues such as the spleen. The functions of the blood can be placed into the categories of transportation, maintenance, and protection. Blood transports gases, nutrients, waste products, and hormones. It is involved in the regulation of homeostasis and the maintenance of pH, body temperature, fluid balance, and electrolyte level. Blood protects against diseases and blood loss.
Завдання № 2. Письмово.
Translate the following words and word-combinations into English:
Розчинені компоненти; вага тіла людини; загальнй об’єм крові; утворювати згустки; міжклітинний матеріал; ферменти; сироватка; складатися з; включати кілька типів; поділятися на; червоні кров’яні тільця; кров’яні пластинки; білі кров’яні тільця; поживні речовини; транспортувальна функція; захисна функція; білки; видаляти.
Answer the following questions:
1. What type of tissue is the blood? 2. What is the total blood volume in an average adult? 3. What does the blood consist of? 4. What is the plasma? 5. What does the plasma contain? 6. What is blood serum? 7. What major categories are the formed elements grouped into? 8. What blood cells are the most numerous? 9. What are the major functions of the blood?
Завдання № 3. Прочитайте тексти. Заповніть таблицю.
PLATELETS
Platelets, or thrombocytes, are minute fragments of cells consisting of a small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane. They are roughly disk shaped and average approximately 3 m in diameter. The life expectancy of platelets is approximately 5 to 9 days. Platelets are produced within marrow and are derived from megakaryocytes, which are extremely large cells with diameters up to 100 m. Small fragments of these cells break off and enter the circulation as platelets. Platelets play an important role in preventing blood loss. This prevention is accomplished in two ways: the formation of platelet plugs, which seal holes in small vessels; and the formation of clots, which help seal off larger wounds in the vessels. If the number of platelets is too low, excessive bleeding can occur. However, if the number of platelets is too high, blood clots can form (thrombosis), which may obstruct blood vessels and result in such events as stroke, heart attack, pulmonary embolism or blockage of blood vessels to other parts of the body, such as the extremities of the arms or legs.
LEUKOCYTES
Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are nucleated blood cells that lack hemoglobin. They are clear or whitish in color and are larger than erythrocytes, ranging from 8 to 19 m in diameter. In stained preparations leukocytes attract stain, whereas erythrocytes remain relatively unstained. Leukocytes protect the body against invading microorganisms and remove dead cells and debris from the body. Leukocytes leave the circulation by the process of diapedesis (movement through vessel walls) and move through the tissues in which they ingest foreign material or dead cells. At the site of an infection leukocytes accumulate and phagocytes bacteria, dirt, and dead cells; then they die. This accumulation of dead leukocytes, along with fluid and cell debris, is called pus. Leukocytes are named according to their appearance in stained preparations. Leukocytes containing large cytoplasm granules are granulocytes, and those with very small granules that cannot be seen easily with the light microscope are a granulocytes. The three types of granulocytes are named according to the staining characteristics of their cytoplasm: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophiles. There are two types of a granulocytes: monocytes and lymphocytes.
FORMED ELEMENTS OF THE BLOOD
Завдання № 4. Find the corresponding Ukrainian equivalents for the English terms:
Make up the following sentences interrogative: (побудуйте питальні речення)
1. The heart is divided into four chambers. 2. The blood is returned to the heart by means of the veins. 3. The two atria are separated from each other by the internal septum. 4. These muscles are attached by thin, strong connective tissue strings (сухожилля). 5. In the lungs carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is picked up. 6. Blood flowing through the aorta is distributed throughout all parts of the body. 7. The heart wall is composed of three layers of tissue.
Завдання № 5. Read the following text:
HEART
The heart is a hollow muscle located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs. The heart is responsible for the circulation of the blood. It is known that the heart is a pump. But it is an extraordinary pump. It weighs only about a pound but the heart of a healthy 70-kg person pumps about 7200 L of blood each day at rate of 5 L per minute. If the heart loses its ability to pump blood for even a few minutes, the life of the individual is in danger. The heart actually has two pumps. Each pump consists of a pair of chambers formed by muscles. The contraction of these muscles causes the blood to be pumped. The lower chamber is called a ventricle and the upper chamber is called an atrium. The four chambers of the heart are separated by valves. Between the right atrium and the right ventricle there is a one-way valve, called the tricuspid valve. The valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle is called the mitral (or bicuspid) valve. The left ventricle is separated from the right ventricle by the interventricular septum. Venous blood from body flows through the superior vena cava and inferior one into the right atrium, then through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary valve, via the pulmonary arteries, into the lungs. From the lungs, blood enters the left atrium via the pulmonary veins and flows through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps oxygen-enriched blood through the aortic valve into the aorta for delivery to the body’s tissues. The tissue of the heart consists of three layers. The exterior layer is the thin epicardium. The middle layer is the myocardium, the heart muscle itself (from the Greek myo for "muscle" and kardia for "heart"). The inner lining of the heart is the endocardium, a thin, smooth structure. The pericardium is a fibrous sac that surrounds the heart. In the space between the pericardium and the epicardium there is a small amount of fluid. The heart rate varies depending on activity at any given moment. The control mechanism for the heart rate involves electrical impulses. One of the four chambers of the heart, the right atrium, contains a group of cells called the sinus node. The sinus node produces electrical impulses that signal the muscle of the heart to contract in the pumping cycle. When a person is at rest, the heart pumps more slowly and at a regular rate, about 60 to 80 beats per minute. When a person runs, climbs stairs, or otherwise exert yourself, the sinus node issues electrical “instructions” to increase the pace of the heart in order to provide the muscles and other tissues with the necessary additional blood and its supply of oxygen. The heart rate may increase up to 200 beats per minute if you exert yourself strenuously. The heart rate may be affected by various factors including tobacco use, caffeine-containing foods, alcohol, and a number of drugs. In addition, the cardiac disorders may produce heart rate problems.
Find in the text and read the English equivalents for:
Міжшлуночковий; клапан; тристулковий; камера; кровообіг; двостулковий; м'яз; поштовх; внутрішня оболонка серця; кровоносна судина; кисень; фіброзний; порожнистий м'яз; між легенями; серце – це насос; нагнітати кров по судинах; скорочення серцевого м'яза;
усередині серцевих камер; біля входу в лівий шлуночок; складатися з двох камер; клапани передсердя; відомо, що; серце здорової людини; серце втрачає свою здатність нагнітати кров; сформований м'язами; лівий шлуночок нагнітає насичену киснем кров в аорту; фіброзна сумка, яка оточує серце.
Answer the following questions:
1. What is the heart? 2. Where is the heart located? 3. What is the heart responsible for? 4. How many beats does the heart make per minute? 5. What is the weight of it? 6. How many chambers does the heart have? 7. What is the lower chamber called? 8. What is the upper chamber called? 9. What are the four chambers of the heart separated by? 10. What is there between the right atrium and the right ventricle? 11. What is there between the left atrium and the left ventricle? 12. What septum separates the left ventricle from the right ventricle? 13. Where does venous blood flow? 14. What does the right ventricle pump blood through? 15. Where does the blood enter from the lungs? 16. What valve does the left ventricle pump oxygen-enriched blood through? 17. What layers does the heart consist of?
Translate the following interrogative sentences into English:
1. Що таке серце? 2. Де розташоване серце? 3. З чого складається серце? 4. Що знаходиться між правим передсердям і правим шлуночком? 5. Який клапан знаходиться між лівим передсердям і лівим шлуночком? 6. Яка перегородка відокремлює лівий шлуночок від правого? 7. З яких шарів складається серце?
Завдання № 6. Підготувати повідомлення (проект) про одне із серцевих захворювань. Розповісти під час онлайн конференції. Час і дату узгоджуємо з вчителем.
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